RAMALLAH, West Bank, November 11 - Hours after the death of Yasir
Arafat, the Palestinian leadership quickly filled its top posts on
Thursday, trying to signal that the chaos and ambiguity that
characterized his decades-long hold on the Palestinian national dream
died with him.
With tears and angry chants, Palestinians contended with the loss of
the iconic, erratic figure who led them from a splintered diaspora to
the threshold of a state and left them stuck there, divided over the
way ahead and in danger of fragmenting once again.
Mr Arafat, 75, died of an undisclosed illness at 3:30 am in a Paris
hospital, far from the land he longed to rule. In death as in life, he
was barred by Israel from Jerusalem, the city he envisioned as his
capital and burial site.
As Palestinians absorbed the news that the wily survivor had at last
succumbed, the executive committee of the Palestine Liberation
Organization replaced Mr Arafat as chairman with Mahmoud Abbas, a
pragmatic negotiator and a critic of the intifada, the armed uprising
against Israel.
But the confusion and uncertainty that are still part of Mr Arafat's
conflicted legacy were on sharp display in scenes of grief,
resignation and anger throughout the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Hunted
in exile by Israel as a terrorist, later embraced by Israel as a peace
partner and finally spurned as a terrorist once again, he left his
supporters picking among his mixed messages for the one they
preferred.
How should Yasser Arafat be remembered?
Terrorist 61%
Ineffective statesman 17%
Great nationalist leader 14%
Peacemaker 8%
Yasser Arafat, 1929-2004
Obituary, The Electronic Intifada, 10 November 2004
10:07PM US Central Time/6:07AM Palestine Time --
Today, Yasser Arafat, Chairman of al-Fatah and the Palestine Liberation Organization and elected President of the Palestinian Authority, died in Paris from complications stemming from a blood disorder at the age of 75. Born Muhammad Abd al-Ra'uf al-Arafat al-Qudwa, Yasser Arafat was related to the Husayni family and had strong family ties to Gaza and Jerusalem. He first became active in Palestinian politics while an engineering student in Cairo in the early 1950s, where he headed the Union of Palestinian Students at Fu'ad I University (now Cairo University) from 1952-1957. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Arafat launched his own contracting firm in Kuwait and quickly prospered. He probably used his personal wealth to launch al-Fatah, the most prominent of a number of exile groups advancing armed struggle as a means of liberating Palestine.
For nearly five decades, Yasser Arafat was a larger-than-life figure for those who admired him as well as those who hated and feared him, or, to be more precise, for those who hated and feared the Palestinian view of history, justice, and politics. Since the late 1960s, Arafat was the icon of the Palestinian cause. Like Che Guevara, Arafat's image on a poster, a T-shirt, or a television screen could convey rich and complex meanings and sentiments across wide and diverse social landscapes. With his trademark black-and-white checkered kuffiyah draped carefully over his shoulder so as to assume the proportions and shape of the map of Palestine, appearances by Arafat were almost always electrifying political events.
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Yasser Arafat's Unfinished Saga
Arafat's death is the end of an era of spectacular successes and spectacular failures.
By M.A. Muqtedar Khan
The death of Yasser Arafat in a way brings to an end that era of decolonization which was led by charismatic, revolutionary leaders, fighting for a national homeland as part of the global struggle for equality, justice, freedom and above all self determination.
The mid twentieth century witnessed the rise of charismatic nativism personified in leaders such as Gamal Abdel Nasser in Egypt, Fidel Castro in Cuba, Nelson Mandela in South Africa, and Yasser Arafat in Palestine. These leaders captured the imagination of their people who yearned for freedom and dignity and also captured the media attention of the West which, while often aligned against them, remained mesmerized by their politics, their rhetoric, and their sacrifice for their cause.
Arafat was a man of inherent contradictions. He won the highest honor that our planet bestows on people for working towards peace [The Nobel Prize for Peace in 1994], but he also is in many ways the man who internationalized, even glamorized terrorism, by using it to put the Palestinian cause on the global agenda. Yasser Arafat spent the better part of his life fighting for freedom for his people, but when he had the opportunity to govern them as the first President of the Palestinian Authority he proved to be a dictator rather than a democrat.
In his struggle for a Palestinian homeland Arafat enjoyed spectacular success as well as spectacular failures.
Arafat's success lies in the fact that the Palestinian state is not only high on the global agenda but is now a foregone conclusion. What remains to be determined is the boundaries of this state. As the leader of the movement for nearly half a century, he founded the Fatah organization in 1958 and became the chairman of the Palestinian Liberation Organization in 1969. Since then Arafat has managed to keep the Arab world and to some extent the Muslim world focused on the Palestinians' plight and aspirations. It would not be a stretch to claim that for the Arab world today there is no bigger cause than the Palestinian cause.
Muslim and Christian Arabs, Islamist and secular Muslim Arabs may disagree on the role of Islam in their society, but there is near universal consensus on the right of the Palestinians to have a homeland in Palestine with Jerusalem as its capital. Arafat's public diplomacy in the Arab world, assisted by the political logic of the Arab nations, is responsible for this passion for Palestine that rages in Arab hearts today.
Even though he started by believing that the Palestinian state could be realized through armed struggle, it is to Arafat's credit that he managed to shift to diplomacy and peace processes as the dominant instrument in the quest for Palestinian statehood. Those who are cynical about his Nobel Peace Prize do not give Arafat his due credit for this transformation. From terrorist to global statesman is not an easy journey; Arafat accomplished this without losing sight of his cause or the support, love, and dedication of his followers. Once he gave up armed struggle, his popularity and influence extended to include Europe along with Asia and Africa.
Arafat's failures are as spectacular as his successes. One of his major failures was his inability to wrest a viable state during the last days of the Clinton presidency. That was the closest the world ever was to resolving the Arab-Israeli conflict and Chairman Arafat must share with President Bill Clinton and Prime Minister Ehud Barak the responsibility for its failure and the subsequent chaos. While many in the US have tried to blame him alone for the failure of the peace process, in all fairness to Arafat, the offer on the table was not acceptable.
Arafat's failure in my opinion was not in rejecting whatever was offered but in his inability to bring more multilateral pressure on the US and Israel at that time to make more concessions. One area where Arafat had failed to register any success throughout his life was in the arena of American public opinion, and this weakness translated into a feeble bargaining position in those tripartite talks. This failure becomes more evident when one witnesses the support he enjoyed in Europe.
Perhaps Arafat's biggest failure was his inability to maintain ideological coherence and unity within the Palestinian movement. The emergence of the Islamic movement as an alternative to his more or less center-left secular Fatah movement has divided the Palestinian people and their aspirations. This cleavage within Palestinian society continues to undermine the resolution of the peace process and may continue to haunt the Palestinians even after their independence.
Arafat will leave behind a legacy but no competent leadership to fill the void in his absence. His authoritarian ways, his secretive management, and his self-centered leadership style have precluded the emergence of a successor who enjoys both domestic credibility and international respect. He leaves behind chaos and hopelessness as the peace process is indefinitely stalled, the Palestinian Authority is in disarray, and there is no clear line of succession.
Until a new leader emerges to resurrect the Palestinian Authority and restore its credibility and effectiveness, the Islamic movements, Hamas in particular, will remain the main proponent of the Palestinian cause. The prospects for the immediate future of the Palestinian people remain bleak. As they bury their leader, these orphans of the world will look to the rest of the world for leadership and support in these difficult times.
Arafat was successful in advancing and popularizing a vision of a Palestinian state with Jerusalem at its capital. If only he had also advanced a vision of an Israeli state coexisting peacefully with Palestine and its other Arab nations and made that vision just as popular, then perhaps he would be remembered as one of the greatest revolutionary peacemakers in history. But Arafat's legacy will have to be satisfied with the judgment that he was the father of the Palestinian nationhood, a charismatic leader who transformed himself from a terrorist to a statesman, albeit an authoritarian one.
Muqtedar Khan is Chair of the Political Science Department at Adrian College and a Non-resident Fellow at the Brookings Institution. He is author of a new book, Jihad for Jerusalem: Identity and Strategy in International Relations. His website is www.ijtihad.org
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